小同伴們都曉得，造紙是我國古代四大創造之一，但你曉得植物為什么能夠用來造紙嗎？能夠用來造紙的植物有哪些呢？我們跟濟南印刷廠一同來理解一下！
Small companions all know that papermaking is one of the four great creations in ancient China, but do you know why plants can be used for papermaking? What kinds of plants can be used for paper making? Let's understand with Jinan Printing Factory.
是什么培養了紙張？其實，造紙的原理其實很簡單，就是應用纖維之間交錯纏繞的作用把漿糊狀的植物原料集結成薄片。
What makes paper? In fact, the principle of papermaking is very simple, that is, the use of intertwining between fibers to aggregate pasty plant materials into thin sheets.
植物纖維是植物體上十分特殊和重要的一類厚壁組織細胞，通常呈狹長條形、兩頭尖細，大多數為死細胞，具有機械支撐植物生長的功用，使植物體抗壓、抗張、抗曲撓，莖干挺立，枝葉平展等。“厚壁組織”的意義是，這類細胞的細胞壁明顯增厚，有時厚得連細胞腔都只剩一道縫隙。它們普遍存在于各種植物成熟體的各個局部，總是匯集抱團，構成我們俗稱的“纖維束”。
Plant fiber is a very special and important type of thick-walled tissue cells in plants. It is usually long and narrow in shape, with thin ends. Most of them are dead cells. It has the function of mechanical support for plant growth, making the plant resist pressure, tension, flexure, erect stems, flattening branches and leaves, etc. The meaning of "thick-walled tissue" is that the cell walls of these cells are significantly thicker, sometimes so thick that there is only one gap left in the cell lumen. They are ubiquitous in various parts of plant mature bodies and always gather together to form what we commonly call "fiber bundles".
所謂“團結就是力氣”，單根纖維細胞微乎其微，但嚴密分離成維管束后，抗撕拉才能便大大加強，彈性也更上一層樓了。這種無獨有偶的細胞“個性”，正是人類創造紙張的基石。當用竹簾撈起紙漿，無數條纖維束無規律地交錯纏繞、糾結不清時，就有了紙張的初步容貌—紙膜。
The so-called "unity is strength", a single fibrous cell is very small, but after closely separated into vascular bundles, the tear resistance can be greatly strengthened, and the elasticity is also higher. This unique "personality" of cells is the cornerstone of human paper creation. When the pulp is picked up with bamboo curtain and numerous fibre bundles are intertwined irregularly and tangled unclearly, the paper's initial appearance, paper film, is formed.
明代造紙常用的植物原料之一是竹子。竹子是對禾本科下一級竹亞科的統稱。禾本科是植物界的超級大家族，與人類的關系為親密，我們簡直每天都會接觸到來自禾本家族的成員，如小麥、水稻、玉米、高粱……
Bamboo is one of the most commonly used plant materials for paper making in Ming Dynasty. Bamboo is a general term for the subfamily Bambusoideae of Gramineae. Gramineae is a super family in the botanical world. It has the closest relationship with human beings. We almost come into contact with the members of Gramineae family every day, such as wheat, rice, corn, sorghum and so on.
目前，已知竹亞科大約有88屬、1400種，散布在亞洲、美洲、安定洋群島、澳大利亞北部和非洲，以馬達加斯加島、中美洲、北美洲居多，歐洲除栽培外并無野生竹類。竹類約有34屬、530余種，自然散布在長江流域及其以南地域，少數品種可向北延伸秦嶺、漢水和黃河流域生長。
At present, there are about 88 genera and 1400 species of Bambusoideae known. They are scattered in Asia, America, the Andean Islands, northern Australia and Africa. Madagascar, Central America and North America are the most abundant bamboos. There are no wild bamboos in Europe except cultivated bamboos. There are about 34 genera and 530 species of bamboo in China, which are naturally distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern regions. A few species can extend northward to the Qinling, Hanshui and Yellow River basins.
其實，若擴展“紙”的定義范疇，那人應用竹子作文字載體的時間則遠早于開端昌盛竹紙品的唐朝。在以春秋戰國秦漢時期的歷史為題材的古裝劇里，我們經常看到，那時分的古人讀書寫字都抱著一卷卷笨重的用線繩串起來的“竹片紙”，這便是竹簡。也有用木片制成的“紙”，叫木牘。你曉得嗎？竹簡和木牘合稱簡牘，是真正的紙提高之前，古人常用來寫字的載體。
In fact, if the definition of "paper" is extended, the time for Chinese people to use bamboo as a carrier of writing is much earlier than the Tang Dynasty when bamboo paper began to flourish. In ancient costume dramas about the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, we often see that the ancients at that time were reading and writing with a heavy roll of "bamboo slips of paper" tied together with string, which is bamboo slips. There are also "paper" made of wood chips, called wooden slips. Do you know? Bamboo slips and wooden slips, known as bamboo slips and wooden slips, were the most commonly used carrier of writing before the real paper was improved.
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